Lungs Cancer, types and how its effects on humans

Lungs Cancer, the types and how are its effects on humans

Lung cancer 

What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer is a serious medical and social problem, in developed countries it is the most common malignant tumor and is the most common cause of death from oncological pathology. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, about 1 million new cases of lung cancer are registered annually in the world, and 60% of cancer patients die as a result of this disease. Men get lung cancer much more often, every 4th malignant tumor in men is lung cancer, in women - only every 12th. According to 2000 data, lung cancer caused the death of 32% of men and 7.2% of women who had any malignant neoplasms.
One type of cancer starts in the lungs cancer. Lungs are located in the chest that allows to breathe inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.

Symptoms:

• A new cough that doesn't go away
• Coughing up blood, even a small amount
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Hoarseness
• Losing weight without trying
• Bone pain
• Headache

Causes:

Carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke), ionizing radiation, and viral infection are the main causes of all cancers. The tissue lining the lung's bronchi undergoes cumulative DNA changes as a result of their exposure ( bronchial epithelium ). The risk of developing cancer increases with the amount of tissue damage.

Some main causes:

1-Tobacco:

Lung cancer is primarily brought on by tobacco use. People who smoke are about 20 significantly more likely to occur lung cancer than non-smokers. More than 60 known carcinogens are present in cigarette smoke. it is believed that nicotine suppresses the immune system, which contributes to tissue malignancy. In developed countries, almost 90% of fatal lung cancers are caused by smoking. Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%, and among female smokers - 11.6%. This risk is significantly lower in non-smokers: 1.3% in men and 1.4% in women.
Women who smoke and receive hormone therapy have a much higher risk of dying from lung cancer. In a 2009 study, women taking hormones were shown to be 60% more likely to die from lung cancer than women taking a placebo. Among women who smoked (former and current smokers), 3.4% of those who took hormones died of lung cancer compared to 2.3% of women who took the placebo.
Passive smoking (inhalation of tobacco smoke from another smoker) is one of the causes of lung cancer in non-smokers. Studies in the US, Europe, the UK, and Australia have shown significant increases in relative risk among those exposed to secondhand smoke. Recent studies have shown that smoke exhaled by a smoker is more dangerous than inhaling it directly from a cigarette. 10-15% of lung cancer patients have never smoked.

Radon:

The large amounts of radioactive radium, which is itself a byproduct of uranium found in the Earth's crust, produce radon, a colorless and odorless gas. Mutations brought on by genetic damage from radioactive radiation can occasionally result in cancer. With a risk increase of 8–16 percent for every 100 Bq/m3 increase in radon concentration, radon exposure ranks second among all known risk factors for lung cancer in the general population, behind smoking. The location and makeup of the major rocks in the soil and stones determine the amount of radon in the atmosphere. For instance, radon is a major issue in areas like Cornwall in the UK (where granite is available), and buildings need to be well kept clear to reduce radon concentration.

Asbestos:

Asbestos can cause various lung diseases, including lung cancer. There is a mutually reinforcing effect between tobacco smoking and asbestosis in causing lung cancer. Asbestosis can also cause cancer of the pleura, called mesothelioma (which should be differentiated from lung cancer).

Viruses:

Viruses are known to cause lung cancer in animals and recent evidence suggests the ability to cause it in humans. Such viruses include human papillomavirus, JC virus, simian virus 40 (SV40), BK virus, and cytomegalovirus. These viruses can influence the cell cycle and suppress apoptosis, promoting uncontrolled cell division.

Dust Particles:

Research by the American Cancer Society has found a direct link between exposure to dust particles and lung cancer. For example, if the concentration of dust in the air increases by only 1%, the risk of developing lung cancer increases. In addition, it was found that the size of dust particles is important since ultrafine particles are able to penetrate into the deep layers of the lung.

Risk Factors:

Smoking.
 As you smoke more cigarettes per day and for longer periods of time, your risk of developing lung cancer rises. You can significantly reduce your risk of lung cancer by quitting at any age.
Exposure to passive smoking.
 Even if you don't smoke, being around secondhand smoke increases your risk of developing lung cancer.
Prior radiation treatment:
You may be at a higher risk of developing lung cancer if you've had radiation therapy to the chest for another type of cancer.
Radon gas exposure:
The natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water results in the production of radon, which eventually finds its way into the air you breathe. Any structure, including homes, can build up to dangerous levels of radon.

Types of Lung Cancers:

I. Squamous cell (epidermoid) cancer
a) highly differentiated
b) moderately differentiated
c) undifferentiated
II. small cell cancer
a) oat cell, spindle cell
b) pleomorphic
III. Adenocarcinoma
 a)highly differentiated
 b)moderately differentiated
 c)undifferentiated
 d)bronchoalveolar
IV.. Large cell cancer
 a)giant cell
 b)clear cell
V. Mixed cancer
a)squamous and adenocarcinoma
b)adenocarcinoma and small cell, etc.

The histological characteristics of lung cancer are rather arbitrary since the clinical course can vary greatly even for tumors with the same structure. The slowest growing differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; undifferentiated cancer is characterized by a rapid course with extensive metastasis. Small cell lung cancer is one of the most malignant tumors. It is characterized by a short history, latent and rapid course, early metastasis, and poor prognosis.

Metastasis:

Lung cancer metastasizes in three ways: lymphomatous, hematogenous, and implantation.


The first path is most characteristic - to the nearby pulmonary, bronchopulmonary, bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal, para esophageal (para esophageal) lymph nodes. In the first stage of lymphomatous metastasis, the pulmonary lymph nodes are affected at the site of the division of the lobar bronchus into segmental ones. Further, the process extends to the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes along the lobar bronchi. In the third stage, metastases occur in the root lymph nodes along the main bronchus and vessels of the lung root, upper and lower tracheobronchial lymph nodes and lymph nodes near the lower wall of the unpaired vein. In the fourth stage, paratracheal, retrocaval, pre-aortocarotid, pericardial, and para esophageal lymph nodes are involved in the process. On the fifth - supraclavicular lymph nodes.
para esophageal Hematogenous metastasis joins when the tumor grows into blood vessels - in the liver, lungs, kidneys, bone, brain, and adrenal glands.
With the germination of the pleura, the transfer of tumor cells along the pleura is possible.